Abstract

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into higher education has generated significant scholarly interest, policy debates, and institutional responses worldwide. This review paper synthesises recent literature (2019–2024) to examine the key opportunities and challenges that AI presents for universities, colleges, and other institutions of higher learning. The opportunities discussed include personalised and adaptive learning, intelligent tutoring systems, AI-enhanced research and administrative efficiency, and the democratisation of access to quality education. Conversely, the challenges examined encompass threats to academic integrity, algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns, digital divide issues, over-dependence among students, and the pedagogical unpreparedness of faculty. The review draws on peer-reviewed studies, systematic literature reviews, and policy reports from major international organisations including UNESCO and the OECD. The paper concludes with recommendations for a balanced, human-centred approach to AI integration that preserves the integrity of scholarship, promotes equity, and prepares students for an AI-mediated world.